【杜兰说AI】2024十大影响人类命运的科学发展：两项“不死癌症”被攻克丶还有一项中国科学家研究

2025年01月03日 11:48 赞好

2024年已经接近尾声，
今天来为大家盘点一下这一年的十大科学突破。
其中第7个是来自中国科学家的发现，
第9个是我们的老熟人马斯克带来的。

首先我们要介绍的是科技突破的冠军奖项，
来自人类向艾滋病的正式宣战——
一种长效艾滋病预防针剂。
一年两针，
就几乎能100%阻断HIV感染。

长久以来，
艾滋病都是一种不可治愈的严重传染病，
一经感染就要终生服药，
而且仍然可能会因为
药物的副作用或并发症
导致死亡。
这是由於艾滋病毒是一种单链RNA病毒，
在人体内平均2天就会变异为新生病毒，
这种极高的变异率
也导致艾滋病治疗药物的研发难度极大。
当前最有效的阻断药，
需要在高危行为後的2小时内服用，
时间越长
阻断成功率越低，
还要连吃28天，
对人体肝脏和肾脏产生不小的副作用。

而现在，
美国生物制药公司吉利德研发出了一种
名为lenacapavir的抗HIV长效注射剂。
研究团队於今年6月在非洲开展了一项
超过5000人的观察实验，
结果发现，
这种药物注射一次後，
就能在半年内将艾滋病毒的感染力降至0。
如果这种药物推广开来，
最大的受益人就是那些
有职业暴露风险的一线人员，
比如医护人员、缉毒警察等等。

第二项突破同样来自医学领域，
针对的是号称“不死癌症”的红斑狼疮。
准确的说，
是以红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、
强直性脊柱炎为代表的
自身免疫性疾病。

所谓“自身免疫性疾病”简单来说就是“自己打自己”，
本来负责保护身体的免疫系统突然造反，
开始毫无理由地攻击身体其他器官。
现有的治疗方法通常是以抑制免疫系统为主，
虽然抑制了免疫系统的攻击，
但也同时失去了免疫系统的保护，
人体会产生无可避免的虚弱，
也无法完全治愈这类疾病。

但现在
德国科学家采用了一种名为
嵌合抗原受体T细胞（CAR-T）的新疗法，
能够利用免疫细胞治疗自身免疫疾病，
在临床上使患者达到“治愈”或者“有效控制”的目标。

第三项科技突破来自星辰大海，
2021年NASA发射的韦伯望远镜，
今年已经走到了足够远的地方，
观察到了很多宇宙诞生之初的星系。
这些星系比天文学理论预估的要多1000倍，
这一发现改写了人们对於早期宇宙演化的认知，
对於人类探索宇宙起源有极大的意义。

而第四项科学突破就接地气多了，
美国公司GreenLight Biosciences
研发出了两种特殊的“杀虫剂”，
一种是基於RNA干扰技术的喷雾剂，
针对特定害虫的基因进行设计，
能做到只精准打击目标，
几乎不损伤环境和其他生物。
另一种则是转基因玉米，
人吃了没事，
害虫吃了就死。

现在，很多害虫已经对杀虫剂产生了抗性，
每年在全球范围内造成数十亿美元的农作物损失。
而这种新型杀虫方法
现在已经被美国国家环境保护局（EPA）批准，
预计将对现状产生极大改善。

第五项科学突破需要我们睁大眼睛，
将视线投入微观世界。
就在今年，
科学家发现了一种全新的细胞结构，
叫做硝基体（Nitroplast），
它与我们熟悉的线粒体、叶绿体一样，
都是细胞中具有特定形态结构和功能的微器官，
学名叫“细胞器”。
细胞器就像是细胞内部的一个个小工厂，
不同工厂负责不同的工作。
打个比方，
线粒体是负责生产能量的“能量工厂”，
叶绿体是转化能量的“太阳能电池板”，
而硝基体就是一座“转化工厂”，
负责将空气中的氮固定下来，
然後转化为植物生长所需的氨。

在当前已知的生命演化史中，
每一种细胞器的出现
都意味着生命的一次进化，
硝基体这一全新的细胞器的出现，
或许也将影响地球生命演化的方向，
还可能使我们的生活发生翻天覆地的变化。
比如，如果将硝基体的这种“固氮机制”推广到农业领域，
那麽未来的农作物就可以不再依赖外部的氮肥，
自给自足地生长。

第六项科学突破
来自我们生活中相当熟悉的一个概念——磁。
比如我每到世界各地都会购买的冰箱贴，
贴满了整整一个大冰箱，
它在物理学上属於“铁磁体”，
这种磁体内部的电子自旋整齐划一，
就像一个排列整齐的队伍，
队员们全都指向同一个方向，
因此也就产生了强大的磁场，
这就是铁磁体能吸住金属的原因。

另一种能长期保持磁性的材料叫做“反铁磁体”，
它的电子队伍不断自旋，
队员们指向的方向也是一半向上，一半向下，
结果就是彼此抵消，相互对抗，
对外看起来不具有磁性，
但却拥有内部磁场。
这种特性使得反铁磁体常常被应用於
数据存储、微波器件和量子计算等领域，
比如自旋扭矩振荡器、二极管等等。

百年以来，
铁磁体和反铁磁体都被认为是唯二的两种永磁体，
就是“能长期保持磁性的材料”。
但在今年，
科学家们发现了第三种永磁体，交错磁体（Altermagnet）。
这种材料的电子队伍既不整齐划一，也不互相抵抗，
而像是一群舞者，
每个舞者都按照自己的节奏来跳舞，
这就使得它产生了一种独特的强自旋现象。
普通状态下，
交错磁体看起来和反铁磁体一样没有外部磁场，
但当电流通过时，
它又像铁磁体那样拥有强大的磁场。

科学家们认为，这种全新的材料
能帮助我们制造更高效的计算机硬盘，
甚至是全新的“自旋电子计算机”，
这种计算机能利用电子的自旋
而非电流来进行运算，
能让信息的存储和处理更加紧凑和高效。

除此之外，
磁性材料本就是电机行业的核心，
涉及汽车、家电、轨道交通、电子信息设备等多个领域，
交错磁体的发现
不仅将为已有领域带来革命性的新应用，
还可能催生全新的技术领域。

第七项来自中国科学家的一项发现，
今年年初，
中国科学院的朱茂炎团队
在距今约16.4亿年前的地层中
发现了一种多细胞真核生物化石。

所谓真核生物是包括所有植物、动物和真菌在内的
将DNA封装在细胞核内的生物。
科学家们通常认为，
真核生物以单个细胞的形式存在了约10亿年，
而在距今大概10亿年前，
多细胞体的真核生物开始出现，
这意味着更加覆杂的生物体演化的开始，
也是整个地球的生命进化史中
一个相当重要的时间节点。
而现在，
中国科学家的发现将这个节点往前推了5亿年，
这既为地球生命的历史解开了新的一页，
也将为医学领域提供新的可能。

比如现在所有的癌症，
本质上都是一种细胞失控生长的现象，
而理解生命在早期阶段
如何从单细胞生物
发展到多细胞生物，
多细胞之间又是如何协作、如何分化，
也将为科学家开发新型的生物疗法提供思路。

第八项是一项地质学研究。
长久以来，
科学家认为地球上的大陆
就像一个巨大而缓慢变化的拼图，
板块构造的力量不停撕裂和移动它们，
最终形成了现在的七大洲八大洋。
在过去，
科学家们认为地球只会在局部地区进行 “拼图”，
也就是只有大陆裂开形成的裂谷附近，
才会受到这种局部的剧烈活动的影响。
但今年的一项研究发现，
这种局部的“拼图行为”会在地球内部引发绵延不绝的“地幔波”，
进而影响到整个大陆的结构。

这种“地幔波”就像一只无限延伸的大手，
能把重的岩石“撕”掉，
留下轻的岩石，
这些轻岩随後会像气球一样浮起来，
形成高原。
还能引发一系列的其他地质现象，
比如促使大量钻石从地下爆发，
或者引发地震，
甚至可能是导致某些远古海洋生物灭绝的元凶。

这项发现看似离我们相当遥远，
但也可能间接影响到我们的生活，
比如，
当我们更深入地理解地球内部“隐藏世界”的波动时，
地震等地质灾害的预警就将会更加准确，
也能更好地寻找钻石或稀有矿石这样的地下宝藏，
带动矿业行业和相关经济领域。

第九项科学突破则来自我们的老熟人马斯克，
在今年10月的那次史无前例的“筷子夹火箭”。
其中“火箭”是指SpaceX可覆用的多级火箭“星舰飞船”，
它由两节或更多节的火箭堆叠组合在一起，
星舰飞船升空时，
位於下方，负责提供动力的那一节火箭会逐渐脱落。
而“筷子”指的则是发射塔上的机械臂，
在脱落的火箭部件以超音速坠落时，
这条机械臂成功从空中抓住了部件，
就像是“用筷子夹住了火箭”。
这个动作本身对火箭飞行控制系统的精度
和悬停能力要求就极高，
略有差池，
就可能导致火箭在发射塔上倾倒或爆炸，
因此“筷子夹火箭”的成功，
本就意味着一次史无前例的技术突破，
而被成功回收的火箭部件下次发射还能继续用，
这就直接节省了数十亿美元的成本。

现在，
SpaceX已经通过部分可覆用的火箭
将货物送入轨道的成本降低了大约10倍，
而如果“筷子夹火箭”技术能够进一步推广，
能够稳定、成功地回收越来越多的火箭部件，
甚至支持一艘完全可重覆使用的星际飞船，
届时，
马斯克的火星梦或许就真的离我们不远了。

最後一项技术突破，
来自对古人类亲属关系的研究。
科学家们通过从古代骨骼和牙齿中提取的DNA，
估测出了几千年前的人类的迁徙路线、饮食习惯和亲缘关系，
甚至为他们建立了长达八代的家谱。
这项技术对历史考据有着极大意义。
能帮助历史学家更清晰地了解社会结构文化的演变过程，
同时对古代DNA的研究
也能帮助生物学家更好地理解疾病的起源和演变，
为现代疾病预防的医学治疗策略提供新的线索。

以上就是世界顶刊Science
公布的2024年年度十大科学突破。
我们可以看到，
从医学到物理学，
从农业杀虫剂到太空飞船，
从人类起源到宇宙起源，
每一项研究都从不同领域，
以前所未有的创新方法打开了科学之门。
新的一年即将到来，
也期待能有更多的科学突破，
能为我们未来的生活和工作带来更好的改变。
2025，爱你爱我！
素材
总览：
长效HIV预防针剂
利用免疫细胞治疗自身免
韦伯望远镜探测宇宙起源
RNA杀虫剂
固氮细胞结构的发现
第三种永磁体的发现
多细胞体早在16亿年前就已出现
地幔波动塑造了我们生活的大陆
SpaceX“筷子夹火箭”
远古DNA揭示家族关系

2024 is drawing to a close
Let me take stock for you today
This year's top ten scientific breakthroughs
in
The seventh is a discovery by scientists from China.
The ninth was brought by our old acquaintance Musk
So let's start with this.
We're going to introduce the champions of scientific breakthroughs
From humanity's official declaration of war on AIDS
A long-acting AIDS prevention injection
Two injections a year can almost 100% block HIV infection
For a long time
AIDS
Is an incurable serious infectious disease
Once infected, take medicine for life
And it may still be due to the side effects of the drug
Or complications
Cause death
This is due to
HIV is a single-stranded RNA virus.
Two days on average in the human body.
It will mutate into a nascent virus
This extremely high mutation rate
Also lead to
The development of AIDS drugs is extremely difficult
The current most effective blocking drugs
It needs to be taken within two hours of high-risk behavior
The longer it takes
The lower the success rate of blockade
28 days in a row
It has significant side effects on the human liver and kidneys
Now Gilead, an American biopharmaceutical company.
Developed a method called
Lenacapavir long-acting injection against HIV
The research team announced in June this year
In Africa
We conducted an observation experiment with more than 5,000 people.
It turned out that
After one injection of this drug
In half a year
Reduce HIV infection to zero
If this drug were to spread
The greatest beneficiary
It's those frontline personnel who are at risk of occupational exposure
Like healthcare workers, drug cops, etc
The second breakthrough also came from the medical field
For lupus erythematosus, the so-called immortal cancer
Precisely
Lupus Erythematosus Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
autoimmune disease
so-called self
immune disease
Simply put, it is to beat yourself up
It's supposed to protect the body's immune system
Sudden rebellion
Start attacking other organs of the body for no reason
Existing treatment methods
Usually suppresses the immune system
Although it suppresses the immune system's attack
But also lose the protection of the immune system
The human body generates inevitable weakness
You can't cure it.
But now German scientists
Adopted a method called
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T)
The new treatment
We can use immune cells to treat autoimmune diseases.
In clinical practice
Enabling patients to achieve the goal of cure or effective control
The third scientific breakthrough comes from the sea of stars
The Webb Telescope launched by NASA in 2021
This year has gone far enough
Many galaxies from the beginning of the universe have been observed
These galaxies
1,000 times more than expected by astronomical theory
This discovery
Rewrote our understanding of the evolution of the early universe
It is of great significance for humans to explore the origin of the universe
And the fourth scientific breakthrough is much more grounded
American company GreenLight Biosciences
Two special pesticides have been developed
One is a spray based on RNA interference technology
Genetic design for specific pests
Can only accurately hit the target
Little damage to the environment and other organisms
The other is genetically modified corn.
It's okay to eat
Pests eat and die
Now.
Many pests have developed resistance to pesticides
Every year on a global scale
Cause billions of dollars in crop damage
And this new insecticidal method
It's now approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
It is expected to greatly improve the current situation
The fifth scientific breakthrough
We need to keep our eyes open.
Put your eyes on the microscopic world
Just this year.
Scientists have discovered a completely new cellular structure
It's called nitro.
It is similar to the familiar mitochondria
Chloroplast
Have a specific shape in the cell
Structural and functional microorgans
Organelles.
organelle
They're like little factories inside cells.
Different factories are responsible for different tasks
For example
Mitochondria are energy factories that produce energy.
Chloroplasts are solar panels that convert energy.
And nitro is a conversion factory.
Then the nitrogen in the air is fixed
Then it is converted into ammonia needed for plant growth
In the current known evolutionary history of life
The appearance of each organelle
Means an evolution of life
Emergence of a new organelle called nitrosomes
It may also affect the direction in which life on Earth evolves
It may also make our lives better
earth-shaking changes
For example, if this nitrogen fixation mechanism of nitro matter is
Extend to agriculture
So future crops
You can no longer rely on external nitrogen fertilizers
Self-sufficient growth
The sixth scientific breakthrough
It comes from a concept that we're all pretty familiar with.
magnetic
For a hundred years
Ferromagnets and Antiferromagnets
Both are considered to be the only two
permanent magnet
It is a material that can remain magnetic for a long time
But this year
Scientists have discovered a third type of permanent magnet
It's called a staggered magnet.
Scientists believe that
This brand new material
Can help us make more efficient computer hard drives
Even brand new "spintronic computers"
This kind of computer can use the electron's spin
Instead of current to operate
Allows for the storage and processing of information
More compact and efficient
In addition to that
Magnetic materials are the core of the motor industry
Involving automobiles, home appliances, and rail transit electronic communications
Information equipment and other fields
The Discovery of Jiaozuo Magnets
Not only will it be for existing fields
Bring revolutionary new applications
It may also give rise to entirely new technological fields
Item 7
It is a discovery made by our Chinese scientists.
Early this year
Zhu Maoyan Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences
About 1.64 billion years ago
A fossil multicellular eukaryote has been discovered
So-called eukaryotes
It includes all plants, animals and fungi
Encapsulates DNA in the nucleus
Biologists generally believe that
Eukaryotes take the form of single cells
For about 1 billion years
About 1 billion years ago
Multicellular eukaryotes began to emerge
This means that
The beginning of the evolution of more complex organisms
In the evolutionary history of life on Earth
A rather significant point in time
And now Chinese scientists have discovered
Pushed the node forward 500 million years
This is the history of life on Earth
Unlocked a new page
It will also open up new possibilities for the medical field
Like all cancers today.
It's essentially an uncontrolled growth of cells.
And understanding life at an early stage
How to develop from a single-celled organism to a multicellular organism
How do they cooperate and how do they differentiate?
New biological therapies will also be developed for scientists
Provide ideas
The eighth item is a geological study
For a long time
Scientists believe that
The continents of the earth
It's like a big, slowly changing puzzle.
The forces of plate tectonics are constantly tearing and moving them
Eventually formed what is now the seven continents and eight oceans
In the past, scientists believed that
The Earth will only be puzzled in local areas
That is, near the rift valley formed by the splitting of the continents
To be affected by this localized intense activity
But a study this year found that
This partial "puzzle behavior"
Will cause continuous "mantle waves" inside the earth
And that in turn affects the structure of entire continents
This "mantle wave" is like a huge hand that extends infinitely
Can tear off heavy rocks
Leaving light rocks behind
These light rocks will then float up like balloons
Form a plateau
It can also trigger a series of other geological phenomena
For example, causing a large number of diamonds to explode from the ground
Or cause an earthquake
Maybe even
Is responsible for the extinction of some ancient marine life
This discovery seems rather distant
But it can also affect our lives indirectly
For example, when we understand more deeply
When the fluctuations of the hidden world inside the earth
Earthquakes and other geological disasters
It will be more accurate
It can also better search for diamonds or rare minerals
Such an underground treasure
Drive the mining industry and related economic sectors
The ninth scientific breakthrough
From our old acquaintance
Musk in October this year
Unprecedented "Chopsticks Clip Rocket"
Among them, rockets
Refers to SpaceX's reusable multi-stage rocket starship spacecraft
It's a stack of rockets with two or more knots.
Put together
When the starship takes off
The section below that provides power
The rocket will gradually fall off
And "chopsticks" refers to the robotic arm on the launch tower
When the falling rocket parts fall at supersonic speeds
This robotic arm?
Successfully grabbed the part from the air
It's like clipping a rocket with "chopsticks"
The action itself
The accuracy of the rocket flight control system
And hover ability
It's incredibly demanding.
Slight difference pool
Could cause the rocket to fall on the launch tower
Or explode therefore
The success of chopsticks clipping rockets
It would have meant an unprecedented technological breakthrough
Rocket parts that were successfully recovered
Can continue to be used in the next launch
This has directly saved billions of dollars in costs
Now SpaceX has passed through a partially reusable rocket
The cost of putting cargo into orbit
Reduced by about 10 times
And if
"Chopsticks" clip rocket technology can be further promoted
Can be stable
Successfully recovering more and more rocket parts
even
Support for a fully reusable starship
Musk's dream of Mars
Maybe it's really not far from us
The last technological breakthrough
From the study of ancient human kinship
Scientists
DNA extracted from ancient bones and teeth
Estimated human migration routes thousands of years ago
Eating habits and kinship
They even have an eight-generation family tree.
This technology has tremendous implications for the study of history
Can help historians
A clearer understanding of social structure
The process of cultural evolution
And the study of ancient DNA
It also helps biologists.
To better understand the origin and evolution of diseases
Medical treatment strategies for modern disease prevention
Provide new clues
This is the world's top science magazine
The top 10 scientific breakthroughs announced for 2024
We can see
From medicine to physics
From agricultural pesticides to spaceships
From the Origin of Man to the Origin of the Universe
Each study is conducted from a different field
In an unprecedented and innovative way
Open the door to science
The new year is coming
I'm looking forward to more scientific breakthroughs.
For our future life and work
Bring about better change
2025 Love Me


中文报道
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3NDY3NzQ2Mg==&mid=2247521683&idx=1&sn=67d47a82f96c03c94907175bec80d921&scene=21#wechat_redirect

science官网
https://www.science.org/content/article/breakthrough-2024#section_car-t-therapy

硝基体
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/o9oKkdKbY8oBMhT1vcAnow

永磁体
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/19nxHlSdEicos7MpI9Ig7g